异禀中英对照中文注释版(一)

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王二是这条街的人看着他发达起来的。

Those who lived in the same street as Wang Er well knew how he had made his fortune.

传统中国是大家庭,家族中的同辈是统一排行的。名字难记,叫排行更简单,而且长幼尊卑非常重要,一听就知道其在家族中的顺序。“这条街的人”指的是街坊邻居。中国古代的街道并不主要用于交通工具的道路,而是提供商贩摆摊开铺的“商业步行街”。街坊翻译成英语用"neighbour"比较合适。中国人说“上街”指的就是去“商业步行街”去购物(go shopping),而外国人的“上街”(走上街头, on the street)往往是政治集会活动。发达大致的意思是发财(make fortune),但又不完全等同,在口语里发达是发迹的意思,指人变得有钱有势。当然发迹的贬义语气较强,但是发达也最多算中性偏贬义。西方资本主义社会,发达指的基本就是发财,但是在中国,钱和势是分不开的,有钱通常就会有势,有钱也必须巴结权力获得势力,否则钱也很难获得保障。而且赚钱的过程往往也有仗势欺人,通过势力来获取市场准入和竞争优势。

不知从什么时候起,他就在保全堂药店廊檐下摆一个熏烧摊子。“熏烧”就是卤味。他下午来,上午在家里。

From no one knows when he had operated a cooked meat stall in the corridor of the Baoquantang Apothecary. His meat was stewed and soaked with gravy. He stayed at home in the morning and did business in the afternoon.

中国古代的药铺通常叫做XX堂,比如同仁堂。保全堂翻译成“Baoquantang Apothecary”感觉没有那种文化的意思,但是确实也很难翻译。根据剑桥词典,apothecary的意思是"a person who in the past made and sold medicines",指"过去制药或者卖药的人",翻译成一个词就是"药商"。它指的是人而不是一个店铺,如果翻译成drugstore就没有过去的含义,就像过去我们叫“药铺”现在叫“药店”,感觉差了点意思。

熏烧摊子很难翻译。首先来看摊子,这里翻译成stall。根据剑桥词典,stall的意思是“a large table or a small shop with an open front from which goods are sold in a public place”,翻译成中文就是“在公共场所售卖商品的大桌子或者小店铺”。而中文的摊子指的是“指设在路旁、广场上无铺面的售货处”。它们之间其实还是有稍许区别。就像很多商铺的铺面会把吸引顾客的商铺摆放在铺面前面的公共空地上。而摊子通常是没有商铺的,直接就在公共的街头巷脚架个桌子,甚至在空地上铺个破袋子就算摊位。中国人并没有公共共享空间的产权概念,比如楼道的空地,很多人并不认为是公共的,离谁家近就是谁家的,所以一楼的住户会理所当然的把楼房的公共空地围起来种菜。因为摊位(尤其过去)是没有产权的,遵循的通常是先来先得的法则。另外有一个相近的词“vendor's stand”,这里stand的意思是“a small shop or stall or an area where products can be shown, usually outside or in a large public building, at which people can buy things or get information”。和stall意思差不多,也是需要有一个商铺或者是在一个大的商场里的一个摊位,不会像中国直接在街头铺个蛇皮袋就能卖白菜的这种。摆摊子翻译成了operate stall,operate这里是经营的含义,意思是比较准确的,但是感觉比较正式,就像我们说在街上“经营了一个摊子”一样怪怪的。但是确实也找不到更好的词汇了,我尝试了google翻译,它翻译成“Set up a stall”。“set up”稍微“小”一点,但是它有一种初始创立的意思,而不是持续经营。摊子和stall的区别如下图所示:

摊子(图片来自百度搜索)
stall(图片来自google搜索)

根据百度百科,熏烧就是卤味,系江苏高邮、扬州、兴化、江都、宝应、泰州、盐城等里下河地区一带的叫法,苏南地区好像叫拆烧。如果要体现出这个词汇是某个地方的方言,那就没法翻译了,也许可以强行音译成"xunshao",但是外国的读者完全没有感觉。这是因为中文是表意文字,中国读者即使不知道熏烧是卤味的意思,也很容易从熏和烧两个字也能猜测出这是一种食物的烹饪方法。另外外国人应该也不知道卤味的做法,所以"xunshao"也好"luwei"也好其实都没区别。没办法,译者只好把“熏烧即卤肉”这句翻译成了卤肉的解释:“His meat was stewed and soaked with gravy”,翻译回来就是“他做的烤肉使用卤汁浸过并且炖过的”。 廊檐翻译成了“corridor”,但是它的意思是走廊过道,这和廊檐是有区别的。走廊通常是在一个建筑物里面,而廊檐是在大门外面,是屋檐下的供行人避雨或通过的地方,虽然从产权上来说也许属于房主,但某种程度属于公共空间。它们的区别通过下图的对比就非常明显。

廊檐(图片来自百度搜索)
走廊(图片来自百度搜索)

他家在后街濒河的高坡上,四面不挨人家。房子很旧了,碎砖墙,草顶泥地,倒是不仄逼,也很干净,夏天很凉快。一共三间。正中是堂屋,在“天地君亲师”的下面便是一具石磨。一边是厨房,也就是作坊。一边是卧房,住着王二的一家。他上无父母,嫡亲的只有四口人,一个媳妇,一儿一女。这家总是那么安静,从外面听不到什么声音。后街的人家总是吵吵闹闹的。男人揪着头发打老婆,女人拿火叉打孩子,老太婆用菜刀剁着砧板诅咒偷了她的下蛋鸡的贼。王家从来没有这些声音。他们家起得很早。天不亮王二就起来备料,然后就烧煮。他媳妇梳好头就推磨磨豆腐。——王二的熏烧摊每天要卖出很多回卤豆腐干,这豆腐干是自家做的。磨得了豆腐,就帮王二烧火,火光照得她的圆盘脸红红的。(附近的空气里弥漫着王二家飘出的五香味。)后来王二喂了一头小毛驴她就不用围着磨盘转了,只要把小驴牵上磨,不时往磨眼里倒半碗豆子,注一点水就行了。省出时间,好做针线。一家四口,大裁小剪,很费功夫。两个孩子,大儿子长得像妈,圆乎乎的脸,两个眼睛笑起来一道缝。小女儿像父亲,瘦长脸,眼睛挺大。儿子念了几年私塾,能记账了,就不念了。他一天就是牵了小驴去饮,放它到草地上去打滚。到大了一点,就帮父亲洗料备料做生意,放驴的差事就归了妹妹了。

His house was on a slope by the river in the back street, cut off from the other houses. It was a rather shabby place with broken brick walls, a thatched roof and a mud floor. However, it was quite spacious, clean and neat, and rather cool in the summer. There were three rooms in the house. The central one served as the sitting room. Overhead on the wall above stone mill was his five-character motto: “Heaven, Earth, Emperor, Parent, Teacher.”[1] Of the two side rooms, one was the kitchen as well as the workshop, and the other the bedroom for the whole family: his wife, his son, his daughter and himself only, as his parents had both passed away. The house was always so quiet. Hardly any noise could be heard from within. From the other houses in the back street, there was ceaseless uproar: a man beating his wife while clutching at her hair, a woman thrashing her child with a pair of coal tongs, an old woman muttering curses against whoever had stolen her egg-laying hen as she chopped away on the wooden block with a kitchen knife. Such noises were never heard from Wang Er’s household. The Wangs were early risers. Before daybreak, Wang Er was up getting the foodstuff ready, making a fire and cooking food. His wife ground beans soon after she had done her hair. Every day a good deal of homemade, gravy-soaked dried beancurd was sold from Wang Er’s stall. After grinding the beans, the woman helped stoke the fire, her round face aglow in the firelight. The air around was permeated with a spiced fragrance that came from the Wang family. Later, when Wang Er raised a small donkey, his wife no longer needed to go round and round, pushing the mill; the beast did the job instead. All she had to do was to pour bowlfuls of beans into the hole of the millstone and add little water soon afterwards. This gave her plenty of time to do her mending and sewing, a busy job in a family of four. Wang Er’s son resembled his mother, with his round face, his eyes often in slits when he smiled. His young sister took after her father, having big eyes and a narrow face. The brother had studied in an old-fashioned private school. When he was able to keep accounts, he quitted school and attended to the donkey, taking it to the river to drink and letting it roll on the grass. When he got older, he helped his father with the business and his sister took over his job of grazing the donkey.

“家”字在中文里有很多含义,包括家庭的住所也就是房子(house)。家的内涵和外延远远超过房子所能表达,但是也没有更好的翻译。英语的family有点相关,但是它指的是家人,并不包含房子。外国人的房子就是个房子,并没有太多情感的寄托,中国的家和乡往往联系在一起,包含太多的东西。“cut off from”是与其它房子隔离开,但是总感觉表达不出“四面不挨人家”这种感觉。因为从字面上指的是王二的房子的四面墙都不挨着别人家的墙,我们也能想象不仅不挨,而且周围几百米可能都没有别的房子。“碎砖墙,草顶泥地”这里又有古汉语简洁的文风,如果用白话应该是“破碎的砖墙,草铺的屋顶,泥土做的地板”,感觉就差多了。翻译成英文就没有这种感觉了。“仄逼”就是“逼仄”,也是古文,比如“狭窄逼仄何逼仄,我居巷南子巷北。——杜甫《逼仄行赠毕曜》”。中国的两字合成词如果是并列结构的话,颠倒顺序也不影响人的理解,而且有时候为了押韵等目的也特地颠倒顺序。汪老这里用“仄逼”可能是习惯这么用,也可能是为了和前面押韵——“泥地”后的“仄逼”念起来很押韵有节奏感。

“堂屋”被翻译成立"sitting room",翻译回来就是客厅,这显然也不完全准确,但是外国确实也没有堂屋这种东西。根据百度百科:堂屋是传统中国民居中的礼仪空间,一般设计在房屋中间,又称“客堂”。 因为平时敞开,有的地区又称“明间”(卧室则称“暗间”)。堂屋用于尊祖敬神、祭天拜地、婚丧寿庆、禳鬼避凶。堂屋与现代住宅中的客厅不同。它给的英文翻译是“main hall of a building”,似乎好一点,但是建筑的main hall也没有尊祖敬神和祭天拜地这些功用,它也还是和客厅一样用于接待客人,只不过可能更大一点,比如酒店的大堂。

堂屋(图片来自百度搜索)

“天地君亲师”翻译成了“Heaven, Earth, Emperor, Parent, Teacher”。这样的字面翻译当然没有问题,但是外国并没有相应的文化内涵,很难理解。天地君亲师,为中国儒家祭祀的对象,多设一天地君亲师牌位或条幅供奉于中堂。为古代祭天地、祭祖、祭圣贤等民间祭祀的综合,也是传统敬天法祖、孝亲顺长、忠君爱国、尊师重教的价值观念取向。所以译者加了一个注释:“This alludes to the unbreakable feudal order of old China.” 这种解释有点“阶级分析”的味道,我觉得可能不是汪老愿意看到的注释,也许把上面百度百科的那个解释翻译一遍更好一点。
揪头发google翻译是“pull hair",但感觉不如“揪”形象,clutch是比较好的。

“他上无父母,嫡亲的只有四口人,一个媳妇,一儿一女。” 这一段翻译成了“....the whole family: his wife, his son, his daughter and himself only, as his parents had both passed away.” 这里外国读者可能会比较难以理解。国外的family都是小家庭,通常不包括爷爷奶奶外公外婆。另外妻子是丈夫的附属,古代中国并没有女主人的概念。这里用的是his parents,外国人也许会以为王二的丈人或者丈母娘也去世了,这是不对的。 “coal tongs”在国外是“火钳”,中国现在用的火钳应该是外来进口货,以前用于拨火的是“火叉”。它们的区别如下图所示:

火叉(图片来自百度搜索)
火钳(图片来自必应搜索)

火叉是个固定的“叉子”;而火钳是十字交叉的两个可以活动的铁棍。所以火叉只能拨火,而火钳可以用来夹煤球。
下蛋的老母鸡是过去中国农民尤其是老(女)人非常重要的资产,因为母鸡相对容易养,老人也能胜任。而且母鸡能下蛋,这是很重要的营养食物,也可以卖钱来换取油盐等生活必需品。而且老母鸡里的一个“老”字说明它劳苦功高,和主人还隐隐建立起了某种亲人般的情感关系。如果老人把下蛋的老母鸡杀了来款待客人,那是不得了的盛情款待了!这样的文化内涵也是外国人很难理解的。
“回卤豆腐干”翻译成“gravy-soaked dried beancurd”也只能是差强人意,但是“回卤”的“回”字并没有翻译出来。“回卤”是指卤过的菜再次进行烹饪。 俗话说“世上有三苦,撑船打铁卖豆腐”,起早贪黑,三更睡五更起,做驴子的工作,得仅能糊口的小钱,做豆腐每天要浸豆子、磨豆腐、烧浆…… 王二虽然是卖熏烧,为了成本也都自己做豆腐。国外并没有豆腐这种食品,所以外国读者可能很难理解王二一家为什么要起早贪黑。

磨豆腐(图片来自百度搜索)

“私塾”翻译成“old-fashioned private school”,完全没问题,但是“私塾”延伸的科举考试这些文化也是外国人甚至当今中国人很难理解的。在古代甚至不到一百年前,能够读书识字的人都很少。而且读书人可以通过科举考试实现阶级跃升,秀才见了知县不用下跪,而普通老百姓则要叩头称大老爷(打官司时通常还要加上“青天”二字)。当然王二的儿子读私塾的目的是“识字”,能记账。而她女儿是不用读书的,因为女子无才便是德。

Notes

  • This alludes to the unbreakable feudal order of old China. back